Macro Research

Is the yen weakness coming to an end?

The Japanese yen has suffered greatly this year and is one of the worst-performing currencies. However, moving ahead, we see greater likelihood of stabilisation and increasingly limited downside.

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  • Published on 15 Oct 2022

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  • In the near-term, the yen faces downward pressure from the interest rate differential between the BOJ and global central banks as well as Japan’s trade deficit. 
  • Beyond the near-term, we see more reasons supporting the case for a stabilisation and even a potential reversal. Yen downside looks increasingly limited relative to its upside against major currencies.
  • Four factors anchor our view: i) a potential halt in the interest rate differential, ii) further FX intervention, iii) safe-haven inflows, and iv) Japan’s relative economic strength.
  • A stabilisation or even a yen rebound at such extreme levels can be supportive of Japanese equities. We now recommend an unhedged approach to Japanese equities, maintaining exposure to the yen.

The Japanese yen is one of the worst-performing currencies globally year-to-date. Having suffered from a year-long depreciation, the yen has weakened dramatically relative to the USD (26% as of end-Sep) and against other G10 currencies including the SGD (Chart 1). The real effective exchange rate (REER), which is the value of a currency against a weighted average of several foreign currencies adjusted by consumer prices, plunged to an all-time low of two standard deviations below the long-term average (Chart 2). 

While we expect near-term depreciation pressure to persist, we believe the yen weakness has hit an extreme level. In this article, we outline our views on why we see increasingly limited downside for the yen, why there is rising likelihood of stabilisation, and the implications for Japanese equities.

Chart 1: Yen has depreciated significantly relative to G10 currencies and the Singapore dollar

 

Chart 2: Japanese yen has depreciated dramatically, with the REER around historically low level


Downward pressure on yen may persist in the near-term


The severe weakness in the yen was largely fuelled by two dynamics. First, a widening interest rate differential due to the policy divergence between the Bank of Japan (BOJ) and global central banks which has been the predominant driver for yen. While overseas central banks have expeditiously raised rates to combat inflation, the BOJ has retained its unyielding accommodative stance and artificially kept bond yields low with yield curve control (YCC).  Through the YCC policy, the BOJ aims to control the Japanese yield curve by fixing the short-term rates (at -0.1%) and the 10-year Japanese government bond yield (at 0%). 

As such, front-end rates for Japan are near zero while that of many major markets have surged. This has led to a widening of interest rate differential between BOJ and global central banks (Chart 3), exerting depreciation pressure on the yen due to the selling pressure from carry trades and as investors seek stronger returns elsewhere. Anchored by our view that the BOJ will likely defend its accommodative stance (see related articles) - which was reaffirmed by Kuroda’s recent statement on the expectation for low rates to perpetuate in the next two to three years - we expect the interest rate differential to persist in the near-term, maintaining the downward pressure on the yen.


Chart 3: Yen’s weakness relative to major currencies has been driven by widening spreads

 
Second, the downward pressure (on the yen) was exerted by a gaping trade deficit. As of August, Japan recorded a record-high trade deficit of JPY 2.82 trillion, extending the shortfall for a consecutive 15th month (Chart 4). Rising energy imports and the weaker yen were key factors that accelerated the widening of Japan’s trade deficit as a sudden, large fall in export prices relative to import prices resulted in a trade shock (negative terms of trade shock), heaping depreciation pressure on the yen. Given elevated energy prices, lagged impact from a weaker yen, and cooling export growth, we do expect the trade deficit to persist in the near term, which will in turn exert pressure on the yen.

Chart 4: Together, a weaker yen and costlier energy imports has worsened Japan’s trade deficit which in turn puts downwards pressure on the currency

 

But the likelihood of stabilisation and even a reversal has risen


While we expect near-term depreciation pressure to persist, we believe the yen weakness has hit an extreme level. Looking forward, we see limited downside for the yen relative to its upside and more reasons supporting the case for a stabilisation, and even a potential reversal beyond the near-term. Four factors anchor our view. 

1. While the policy divergence may continue, the bulk of the divergence is likely over. While the risk of more rate hikes stays elevated, a deteriorating growth outlook and further cooling of inflation data will increasingly weigh on central banks’ hiking decisions. Already, key macro data such as the PMIs, consumer confidence, and export growth for major economies are decelerating and negative surprises have become increasingly common. This signals rising recession risk in 2023, making it progressively arduous for major central banks to commit to their aggressive stance without risking a hard landing.

While we believe an outright pivot from major central banks will take time due to the upside risks to inflation, a pause on the hawkish rhetoric may suffice in breaking market’s expectation on rising policy rates. This may include verbal guidance by policymakers or even the decision to hold policy rates steady as opposed to hiking or cutting. Measures like this may reduce market’s hawkish expectations, which in turn put downward pressure on front-end yields. 

This should slow or halt the widening in interest rate differential between major central banks and the BOJ (which should remain accommodative), stabilising the yen. In particular, we think rising odds of a US recession should offer much relief to the yen, as much of the currency’s weakness against the USD can be attributed to the aggressive Fed policy actions. 

2. Rising possibility of further FX intervention as macro implications deepen. Aside from widening the trade deficit, a weaker yen alongside rising commodity prices have hurt consumption by pushing imported inflation higher. As shown in Chart 5, a weakening of the yen tends to drive inflation higher, even after isolating the volatile fresh food component. With the macro environment worsening, political pressure to intervene and shore up the battered yen has also escalated. As expected, the BOJ conducted a yen-buying intervention in late September when the yen weakened past 145 to the US dollar after the Fed hiked rates by 75bps while the BOJ kept its low rates unchanged a day earlier. 

Moving forward, we expect more intervention from the BOJ considering the worsening macro backdrop, continued verbal warnings from policymakers, and that past interventions are often multiple attempts rather than a one-off effort. The remaining amount of foreign reserves (JPY 130 trillion) should also enable the Ministry of Finance to conduct more yen-buying interventions. Beyond the direct support provided by FX intervention, its signalling effect will also be helpful in reducing depreciation pressure. 

Firstly, it deters further short selling as traders are likely less inclined to bet on a weaker yen after the intervention as the risk-reward becomes increasingly unfavourable (Chart 6). Secondly, it signals that an intervention zone for USD/JPY exists. We believe it is above 145 as policymakers have historically intervened around the 145-146 range, which is also a technical and psychological level for traders. Considering the possibility of further FX intervention and the signalling effect, we expect the yen depreciation to slow with greater likelihood of stabilisation moving ahead.

Chart 5: Whenever yen weakens (negative value, shaded area) inflation picks up, mainly through higher imported inflation


 

Chart 6: Yen shorts have been building since late August. An FX intervention may deter further shorts

 
3. A potential pivot back to the yen as global recession fears rise. The yen is traditionally a safe-haven currency, which tends to strengthen when the global outlook is uncertain or expected to deteriorate. However, given the yen’s poor performance, the currency has not been an effective safe-haven asset. As shown in Table 1, the yen has historically strengthened against the USD and trade partners during risk-off episodes as early as the 2000s. Nonetheless, this has yet to occur this year, during which global equities fell by -27% but the yen has depreciated against the USD and its trade partners. 

Instead of conventional safe-haven currencies such as the yen, investors and traders have flocked to the USD given the expeditious rise in Fed policy rates. That said, we believe a pivot back to the yen is possible - and likely - if a US recession occurs, which can result in a slower pace of tightening (as explained above), thus boosting the yen’s safe-haven appeal. This should result in a reversal of haven flows from USD and back to the yen, particularly if the exchange rate has managed to stabilise.  

Table 1: Historically, the yen has strengthened relative to USD/ trade partners during risk-off episodes except for the current one


 
4. Japan’s re-opening and relative economic strength may offer support for the yen. As outlined in our previous update on Japanese equities, we expect a rosier growth outlook for Japan relative to developed market peers like US and Europe, underpinned by resilient consumption, accommodative monetary policy, and re-opening tailwinds. This is in line with consensus forecasts which expect Japan to deliver stronger GDP growth moving forward (Chart 7). 

As Japan’s relative strength becomes increasingly prominent, enhancing the yen’s safe haven appeal, downward pressure on the yen may moderate. In addition, the easing of international border restrictions should also provide further relief through greater yen inflows from inbound tourism and investments which we expect to pick up from 4Q22 onwards.

Chart 7: Consensus expects Japan to deliver relatively stronger growth, after lagging in 1Q – 2Q 22

 

Strategy for Japanese equities 


Overall, we acknowledge the possibility of near-term yen weakness but see a rising likelihood of a stabilisation. Catalysts for a potential reversal beyond the near-term are materialising but will likely take time. Moving ahead, we see increasingly limited yen downside relative to the upside against major currencies as it may be closer to the bottom than the top. 

Historically, a weaker yen has proven supportive for Japanese equities. While this is largely true, extreme weakness in the currency can be undesirable when it amplifies macro headwinds like trade deficits, import costs, and consumer prices, which will in turn weigh on Japanese corporates. More blatantly, the FX loss from a weaker yen will erode any upside generated in local currency terms - the Nikkei 225 Index fell -9.9% in JPY terms, but -28.3% in USD terms (as of 30 September 2022).

Therefore, we believe a stabilisation of the yen or even a rebound at such an extreme level is unlikely to hurt Japanese equities, especially if it alleviates these macro headwinds. Furthermore, a stronger yen might also dispel the pessimism regarding Japanese equities (which we highlighted in our previous update) and attract greater foreign inflows, which has been rather lacklustre this year. Lastly, any potential FX gains will enhance Japanese equity returns. Given our view, we prefer an unhedged approach to Japanese equities, maintaining exposure to the yen.

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Declaration:
For specific disclosure, at the time of publication of this report, IFPL (via its connected and associated entities) and the analyst who produced this report hold a NIL position in the abovementioned securities.


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