Macro Research

Upgrading Japan: Our top equity market pick

Amidst the equity storm, we find Japan to be one of the few equity markets still supported by positive factors. The region remains our top equity market pick entering 2023.

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  • Published on 22 Jan 2023

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  • We expect a tourism spending boost to support an improving domestic consumption, keeping Japan’s economy resilient when global growth is softening. We see a divergence in growth momentum between Japan and the western DMs.
  • Balance sheets of corporate Japan are in a strong position. Companies were able to substantially raise cash reserves and the share of listed companies in Japan is now double that in US and Europe. 
  • Japanese equities are trading at a gapping discount to its long-term average. The region will be entering an economic slowdown with abnormally cheap valuations and we see limited room for further valuation compression during the initial stages of a recession. 
  • We expect the yen to reverse higher in 2023 after a significant weakening last year. Historically, a weaker yen has proven supportive for Japanese equities, largely through the boost in earnings. While this is true, we do not expect it to detract from Japanese equities’ performance.
  • Amidst the challenging backdrop, we find Japan to be one of the few markets still supported by positive factors. The region’s attractive potential upside also sets it apart from DM peers. We remain positive on Japanese equities and upgrade the region from 3.5 Stars to 4.0 Stars.

It was a roller-coaster year for Japanese equities in 2022.

The Nikkei 225 Index has largely traded sideways but unfortunately ended the year lower. In local currency terms, the index fell -7% (Chart 1), outperforming Asian peers like China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and South Korea, as well as developed market (DM) peers like the US and Europe.

However, in SGD terms, the index fell -19% last year as the yen weakened 13% relative to the SGD, and largely to broad currencies. The weakness in Japanese equities last year was predominantly fuelled by macro-related factors, such as shocks from Fed rate hikes, spill-over from China uncertainties, global growth deceleration, and Covid-19 concerns earlier in the year. 

These factors have shaped Japanese equities last year, but its grip on the market has been loosening. We see some of these headwinds dissipating while tailwinds continue to support Japanese equities. We also expect the veil of yen weakness to be lifted this year and expect a reversal. Entering 2023, we remain positive on Japanese equities, upgrading Japanese equities from 3.5 Stars to 4.0 Stars “Very Attractive”.

In this article, we outline the key reasons why it is our top equity market pick.

Chart 1: Japanese equities had fared well in local currency terms but not so much in SGD terms

 

1. Re-opening of borders is a significant growth catalyst


Japan has finally reopened its doors to international travel. While the reopening has been brief, the impact is almost immediate. The number of inbound visitors in 2022 (Jan to Nov) surged by over 900% from the previous year (Jan to Dec), driving a 42% growth in non-resident spending in the same period, according to data by the Japan National Tourism Organization (JNTO) and Ministry of Finance (Chart 2).

This is a major growth tailwind for Japan considering the rising contribution of the travel and tourism sector to GDP (7% in 2019). We expect a full-blown tourism spending boost this year, fuelled by the pent-up travel demand, especially from Chinese tourists. Following the playbook in Europe and US, this reopening tailwind should directly support Japan’s consumption growth this year.

After exiting the state of emergency in March 2022, consumption has climbed in real terms (as gauged by the BOJ’s real Consumption Activity Index), fuelled by higher services spending (Chart 2). This is also corroborated by nine successive months of positive growth in retail sales. That said, real consumption growth is still below its pre-Covid trend but with a tourism boost, fuel and domestic travel subsidies, and a 20-year high household savings level, we expect consumption growth to trend higher this year.

A full-blown re-opening tailwind anchored by a resilient domestic demand should drive a consumption-led recovery which should keep Japan’s economy resilient at a time when global growth is softening.

Chart 2: Consumption has rebounded, after exiting the state of emergency in Mar ‘22, fuelled by services spending

 
In the near term, we see a divergence in growth momentum between Japan and the western developed markets (Chart 3) which likely reflects the former’s re-opening tailwind. Beyond the near term, we are increasingly expecting a divergence in growth outlook as well, given a lack of growth drivers in western DMs. In line with consensus GDP forecasts, we see a rosier macro outlook for Japan relative to the US and Europe. We are therefore positive on Japan due to its resilient growth outlook and a stronger relative economic strength.

Chart 3: Our expectations are aligned with consensus - Japan to deliver relatively stronger growth, after lagging in 2022

 

2. Balance sheet strength valuable when global growth decelerates


Japanese corporate balance sheets are in a strong position. Over the past decade, many companies were able to substantially raise cash reserves as operating conditions improved significantly after the GFC. From FY11 – FY21, net margin expanded (3.5% to 8%) while corporate earnings surged (net profit grew 60%), corporate tax rates were slashed (40.7% to 30.6%), and borrowing costs fell drastically under BOJ’s negative interest rate policy. This has led to a near 250% surge in cash and cash equivalent during the time, which further climbed – to record highs - when the pandemic hit as Japanese companies hoarded cash more vigorously (Chart 4). 

Chart 4: Japanese equities’ aggregate cash and cash equivalent has risen substantially over the past 2 decade

 
While corporate Japan has accumulated a staggering amount cash reserve, the high concentration of companies that are net cash (cash and liquid assets in excess of total interest-bearing debt) further underscores the balance sheet strength. Over the past decade, this share of net cash listed companies have increased from 38% (2012) to 50% (2022) in Japan, which is double that of US (13%) and European (16%) listed companies (Chart 5). 

With our view of a potential recession, we see Japanese companies entering into this economic crunch with one of the largest recorded cash reserves and highest share of net cash listed companies. This will be valuable as Japanese corporates can deploy these massive cash reserves to i) defend operating performance as revenue moderates, ii) maintain capital expenditure and engage in M&A, iii) sustain dividends, and iv) to quickly recover operations and even upsize.

Chart 5: Close to 50% of JP listed companies are net cash, more than double that of US & Europe


 

3. Valuations still trading at a steep discount 


Japanese equities are currently trading at 14.6X FY23 earnings estimates, a gapping -19% discount to its long-term average (Chart 6). A closer look at the constituents of Nikkei 225 index shows that the valuation gap is not skewed by larger-weighted companies. In fact, this valuation discount is rather broad-based as around 80% of Nikkei 225 index’s constituents are trading at a discount to its 10-year average forward PE ratio (Chart 7). 

With regard to the abnormally cheap Japanese equities, two things stand out to us. First, getting exposure to Japan’s cash-rich companies at much cheaper valuations. Second, starting valuation level matters - Japanese equities have yet to enter a recession at such depressed valuations. Multiples were much higher, and closer to the historical average, entering the GFC and pandemic slowdown. As such, we see limited room for further valuation compression during the initial stages of a recession at current valuation levels. In a recession, the forward PE often compresses first as equity prices collapse, before expanding when earnings estimates (which often lag prices) are revised lower. 

Chart 6: Japanese equities are still trading at abnormally cheap valuations...

 

Chart 7: ...where around 80% of Nikkei 225 index’s constituents are trading at a discount to its 10-year average forward PE ratio

 

4. Currency tailwind from a yen reversal


The Japanese yen was one of the worst-performing currencies in 2022. After a year-long depreciation, the yen has weakened dramatically against broad currencies, leaving the real effective exchange rate (REER) near the all-time low. However, since December, the yen has strengthened, validating our call in mid-October, and we see more reasons supporting the case for a sustained yen strengthening in 2023. Three reasons anchor our view.

First, we think the BOJ’s recent move to alter its yield curve control is evidence that policymakers are warming up to the idea of normalising monetary policy. We now see higher odds of tightening this year, mainly through the broadening of YCC 10-year target bands, which should strengthen the yen. 

Second, we expect the policy divergence between BOJ and global central banks to narrow as the former turns less accommodative while the latter turns less aggressive. As markets price this in the respective yield curves, the interest rate differential between Japan and major economies should compress, thereby supporting the yen.

Third, we expect safe-haven flows to carry the yen higher as global recession fears rise. Historically, the yen has strengthened relative to major currencies during market risk-off episodes. However, this has yet to take flight due to the USD’s dominance last year, which has siphoned global haven flows. We believe Japan’s likely relative economic strength this year will further enhance the yen’s safe-haven appeal.

Chart 8: Yen has depreciated dramatically in 2022, with the REER around historically low level

 
Historically, a weaker yen has proven supportive for Japanese equities, largely through the boost in earnings. While this is true, we do not expect it to detract from Japanese equities’ performance as we see positives associated with a yen appreciation from an extremely undervalued level. 

First, a yen strengthening can help quell some macro risks such as the trade deficit, high import costs, and high consumer prices which may in turn weigh on Japanese corporates. Next, more directly, the FX gain from a currency strengthening adds to total returns for foreign investors. Furthermore, we believe a stronger yen may renew optimism for overseas investors toward Japanese equities, having reduced their ownership since the pandemic. Lastly, we believe the BOJ will avoid making drastic YCC changes at a go, and tightening measures should be gradual at best. With markets already pricing in a BOJ tightening, this will prevent shocks and knee-jerk market reactions. 

Chart 9: Foreigner ownership of Japanese equities are increasing since Nov ’22 but have largely declined since the pandemic

 

Risks from a steeper recession and a transition to policy tightening


We believe Japanese equities can digest a mild global recession, but a steep one may provoke an equally-steep local recession. A concurrent local and global steep recession may prove challenging for the region’s equities due to its sensitivity to the global growth momentum. This may also erase Japan’s consumer-led recovery and weigh on economic growth (a GDP contraction is not off the table) which we expect to trigger further downward revision in earnings estimates.  

Due to the BOJ’s recent move reinforcing our belief of a potential policy shift, we no longer see this as a reliable tailwind. Instead, we now acknowledge the risk if the BOJ pivots its accommodative stance too aggressively by widening the YCC target range too fast or increasing policy and 10-year target rates too early. This may constrain domestic economic momentum, which may be unfavourable when global growth is softening. That said, given the cautious and prudent nature of BOJ policymakers, especially when long-term inflation is at stake, we think this is a probable but unlikely scenario at this point. This is reinforced in January’s BOJ meeting where policymakers opted to keep the YCC unchanged after the shocking adjustment a month prior.

Japan, our top equity pick entering 2023


Like many equity markets, EPS growth for Japanese equities will be increasingly challenged. The ongoing deceleration in global growth will weigh on earnings growth while the support from a weak yen should wane. That said, an easing in material costs, from weaker global demand and stronger yen, and sales growth that is still resilient should prevent a collapse in EPS. We therefore expect EPS growth to moderate but remain positive - forecasting a growth of 10% (FY2023), 4% (FY2024), before a 6.8% (FY2025) rebound on the back of an economic recovery. 

With our designated fair PE ratio of 18.0X on EPS forecasts for the next two years, we project a target price of 36,700 for the Nikkei 225 Index by Mar-2025 which implies a 37% upside potential (Chart 10 and Table 1). We upgrade Japanese equities from 3.5 Stars to 4.0 Stars “Very Attractive”.

Chart 10: Earnings forecast and price performance of Nikkei 225 Index

 

Table 1: Projections for the Nikkei 225 Index

Japan (Nikkei 225 Index)

FY2022

FY2023

FY2024

FY2025

PE ratio (X)

16.1

14.6

14.0

13.1

Projected earnings growth (YoY %)

20.7%

10.1%

4.1%

6.8%

Projected Earnings Per Share (EPS)

1,667

1,835

1,910

2,040

Target fair price (Based on 18.0X Fair PE ratio)

-

-

-

36,700

Potential upside (%)

-

-

-

37.0%

Source: Bloomberg Finance L.P., iFAST estimates. Data as of 18 Jan 2023. *Fiscal year from April 1 to March 31


As the drumbeat of a recession gets louder and equity drivers are fading, we find Japan to be one of the few markets still supported by positive factors like a re-opening tailwind, economic resiliency, and balance sheet strength. Japanese equities are also supported by abnormally cheap valuations, which greatly enhance the potential upside. For these reasons, we are more positive on Japanese equities than other developed markets, which in our view face a more challenging macro outlook and lack equity drivers. Therefore, from a portfolio construction perspective, we recommend allocating greater exposure to Japanese equities relative to US and European equities.

For investors who wish to seek exposure to Japan’s equity market, we have three recommendations. For a market-neutral exposure and a passive approach, we recommend the iShares MSCI Japan ETF. For investors who prefer heavier exposure to quality growth companies, we recommend the JPMorgan Funds - Japan Equity A (dist) SGD which provides exposure to fast-growing industries such as internet and automation. For investors who prefer more cyclical and value-oriented exposure, we recommend the Eastspring Investments - Japan Dynamic AS SGD which provides greater exposure in financials, industrials, materials, and consumer discretionary sectors. Both the above are our recommended active approaches and we prefer an unhedged share class to maintain exposure to the yen, reflecting our yen currency view.

The Research Team is part of iFAST Financial Pte Ltd.

Declaration:
For specific disclosure, at the time of publication of this report, IFPL (via its connected and associated entities) and the analyst who produced this report hold a NIL position in the abovementioned securities.

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